Introduction
Transportation is the backbone of any country’s economy. Advancement intransportation systems has lead to a lifestyle characterized by extraordinary freedom of movement, immense trade in manufactured goods and services, high employment levels and social mobility. In fact, the economic wealth of a nation has been closely tied to efficient methods of transportation.
Due to increasing number of vehicles on the road, problems such as congestion, incident, air pollution and many others have become a major factor of concern. Evidently, nearly all-economic activities at some point use different means of transportation to operate. For that reason, enhancing transportation will have an immediate impact on productivity and the economy.
Reducing the costs of transporting natural resources to production sites and moving finished goods to markets is one of the key factors in economic competition. This task requires that the linkage between any two states or any two places is such as to reduce travel time, reduce congestion, increase efficiency, and increase safety.
By increasing system efficiency and using modern technology the capacity of the current limited resources can be optimized. Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) systems aimed at increasing traffic flow by reducing toll transaction time. This research develops a model to study the benefits of ETC.
ETC benefits can be broadly divided into three categories: toll agency benefits, user benefits, and social benefits. The toll agency benefits include reduction in operating cost, reduction in man labor, reduction in maintenance cost, and enhanced cash handling. The user benefits include time saving due to the elimination of the hassle of digging for change and the elimination of acceleration and deceleration as the vehicles do not stop for toll transaction. In addition, there is time saving due to the reduced toll transaction time and average waiting time. Moreover, considerable fuel is save due to elimination of acceleration. The social benefits include the reduction in mobile emissions that impact the nearby areas where ETC is deployed. This research considers the user and the social benefits as they represent the biggest advantages for ETC implementation.
The model will serve as a decision making tool to determine the effect of ETC lanes over the manual and automatic lanes. The number of these lanes will be varied to study their effect on the total benefits. The model will be evaluated using C programming and a sensitivity study will be done on the values of the parameters to verify their effect on the output of the model.
One of the biggest complaints of motorists using toll roads is the congestion and delay caused by stopping to pay at the tollbooths. Many toll authorities have searched for ways to improve the toll collection process. Over the last decade, a significant improvement in this process was implemented and dubbed Electronic Toll Collection (ETC). As these ETC systems are gaining widespread use throughout the country and even the world, efforts are being made to improve and expand their interoperability similar to the way home bulletin board systems (BBS) grew first into local networks and finally into Internet Service Providers (ISPs). There may come a day in the not to distant future where automobiles have built-in transponders that can be registered with the local toll authority yet used throughout the country for toll roads and parking.
Technology Description:
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)
An ETC system commonly utilizes radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. RFID is a generic term used to identify technologies utilizing radio waves to automatically identify people or objects. RFID technology was first introduced in 1948 when Harry Stockman wrote a paper exploring RFID technology entitled, “Communication by Means of Reflected Power”. RFID technology has evolved since then, and has been implemented in various applications, such as in warehouse management, library system, attendance system, theft prevention, and so on. In general, RFID is used for tracking, tracing, and identifying objects.
A complete RFID system consists of a transponder (tag), reader/writer, antenna, and computer host. The transponder, better known as the tag, is a microchip combined with an antenna system in a compact package. The microchip contains memory and logic circuits to receive and send data back to the reader. These tags are classified as either active or passive tags. Active tags have internal batteries that allow a longer reading range, while passive tags are powered by the signal from its reader and thus have shorter reading range.
Tags could also be classified based on the content and format of information. The classifications range from Class 0 to Class 5. These Classes have been determined by the Electronic Product Code (EPC) Global Standard. In the table below, classes refer to a tag’s basic functionality (i.e., it either has a memory or an on-board power), while generation refers to the tag specification’s major release or version number. The class structure for the tags is shown in the table below.
EPC Class
|
Definition
|
Programming
|
Class-0 Gen-1
|
Read only,
Passive tags
|
Programmed by
the factory
|
Class -1Gen-1
|
Write once,
read- many, passive tags
|
Programmed by
the user and then locked
|
Class-1Gen-2
|
Write-many,
read-many, passive tags
|
Programmed by
the user and then locked
|
Class-2
|
Rewritable
passive tags with extra
functionality,
including encryption and emulation
|
Can be
reprogrammed
|
Class-3
|
Semi-passive
tags that support
Broadband
communication
|
|
Class-4
|
Active tags
that Can communicate with other peers
|
|
Class-5
|
Readers, they
can power other tags of Class 1, 2 and 3, can communicate with Class 4
wirelessly
|
(Types of RFID)
A reader contains an antenna to transmit and receive data from the tag. The reader also contains a decoder and an RF module. It could be mounted or built as a portable handheld device. The computer host acts as an interface to an IT platform for exchanging information between the RFID system and the end-user. This host system then converts the information obtained from the RFID system into useful information for the end-user.
(Basic flow of system)
RFID Toll Collection System
This problem on conventional tollbooth can be solved by RFID based Highway Toll Collection system.
RFID based Highway Toll Collection system allows vehicles to go through toll booths without halting and the toll amount gets deducted from the rechargeable account on record.
There are various technologies being used world-wide like Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC), Vehicle Identification System using number plates, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) decided up on implementing RFID system due to its beneficial features which we will learn about in this post.
Passive Tags: These are also known as the transponders and are used for toll collection by the system. These tags can be easily installed by just sticking it on the windscreen of the vehicle; it also has high reliability of identification.
Smart Card: It uses contactless stored-value Smart Cards in a pre-paid toll collection system. The motorist flashes the card on the reader installed at the toll booth. The corresponding toll fee is automatically deducted from the card. The smart card can be used for multiple trips until the stored value is exhausted.
Smart cards can be purchased with or recharged at the operator's designed outlets. As the motorist approaches the toll booth, the card is simply flashed at the reading area of the reader When it sensed by the reader, signal light turns on. Green for go and the barrier opens automatically. Red for insufficient, zero balance or defective card and the barrier remains closed. The LCD display on the reader will show the appropriate messages.
(Block Diagram of RFID Toll Collection System)
Explanation of Block Diagram:
Microcontroller: It is basically a chip or an IC, which is programmable. It sends signals, high (1) or low (0) to the devices and the device functions accordingly. It is basically the heart of any system.
LCD: It is basically a display device that is used to display the output or process of our program. Here it displays the password entered, & all the information send by the GPS system.
POWER SUPPLY: It is used to run the entire system. +5V is used to run microcontroller, whereas +12V is used to run GSM modem.
MAX 232: The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from an RS-232 serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals
RFID MODULE: The ROBOKITS RFID reader is a standalone module with RFID reader and antenna. It is very small (32mmx32mm) in size and easy to integrate with any hardware design. It supports 125KHz RFID tags and has DIP 0.1” pins to. Onboard antenna and hard plastic cover makes device small and sturdy. The module works on UART protocol which allows user to integrate it with any PC or Microcontroller based design. It also supports Weigand protocol.
RTC (Real Time Clock): A real-time clock (RTC) is a computer clock (most often in the form of an integrated circuit) that keeps track of the current time. Although the term often refers to the devices in personal computers, servers and embedded systems, RTCs are present in almost any electronic device which needs to keep accurate time.
Toll Gate Entrance Flow Chart
(Prepaid and Postpaid)
Circuit Diagram
Explanation of Circuit
Diagram:
Here,
we use P89V51RD2, a 40 pin microcontroller.
All
other components used are using its pins for sending & receiving signals.
LCD
is on port P0. As this port has no internal pull-up resistor, we connect entire
pull-up resistor network to it.
Crystal
source is between pin 18 & 19.
Reset
is pin 9.
Component List and Description
Microcontroller:
P89V51RD2
LCD:
20 x 4
MAX232
Power
Supply 5 V, 12 V
CRYSTAL:
11.0592MHz
1) Microcontroller:
P89V51RD2
Features:
8-bit
data bus
16-bit
address bus
64K
system-on-chip ROM
128
bytes RAM
Two
16-bit Timers/Counters
1
serial port
5
Interrupt sources + 1 internal for reset
11.0592
MHz crystal.
4
Ports each of 8-bit.
(Pin Diagram of Microcontroller
P89V51RD2)
Vcc
Pin 40 provides
supply voltage to chip. The voltage source is +5V.
GND
The pin 20 is the ground.
XTAL1
and XTAL2
The 8051 has an on-chop oscillator
but requires an external clock to run it. Most often a quartz crystal
oscillator is connected to inputs XTAL1 and XTAL2. The Quartz crystal oscillator
connected to XTAL1 and XTAL2 also needs two capacitors to the ground.
It must be noted that there are
various speed of the 8051 family. Speed refers to the maximum oscillator
frequency connected to XTAL. When the 8051 is connected to a crystal oscillator
and is powered up, we can observe the frequency on the XTAL2 pin using the
oscilloscope.
RST
Pin 9 is the RESET pin. It is an
input and is active high. Upon applying a high pulse to this pin, the
microcontroller will reset and terminate all activities. This is often referred
to as a power-on reset. Activating a power-on reset will cause all values in
the registers to be lost. It will set program counter to all 0s.
In order for the RESET input to be
effective, it must have a minimum duration of two machine cycles. In other
words, the high pulse must be high for a minimum of two machine cycles before
it is allowed to go low.
EA
The 8051 family members, such as the
8751/52, 89C51/52, or DS89C4X0, all come with on-chip ROM to store programs. In
such cases, the EA pin is connected
to Vcc. For family members such as the 8031 and 8032 in which there is no
on-chip ROM, code is stored on an external ROM and is fetched by the 8031/32.
Therefore, for the 8031 the EA pin must be connected to GND to indicate that
the code is stored externally. EA, which stands for “external excess” is pin
number 31 in the DIP packages. It is an input pin and must be connected to
either Vcc or GND. In other words, it cannot be left unconnected.
PSEN
This is an output pin. PSEN stands
for “program store enable”. In an 8031-based system in which an external ROM
holds the program code, this pin is connected to the 0E pin of the ROM.
ALE
ALE (address latch enable) is an output pin and is active
high. When connecting an 8031 to external memory, port 0 provides both address
and data. In other words, the 8031 multiplexer address and data through port 0
to save pins. The ALE pin is used for demultiplexing the address and data by
connecting to the G pin of the 74LS373 chop.
PORT
0, 1, 2, and 3
The four ports P0, P1, P2, and P3
each use 8 pins, making them 8-bit ports. All the ports upon RESET are
configured as input, since P0-P3 have value FFH on them.
P0
Port 0 is also designated as
AD0-AD7, allowing it to be used for both address and data. When connecting an
8051/31 to an external memory, port 0 provides both address and data. The 8051
multiplexes address and data through port 0 to save pins. ALE indicates if P0
has address or data. When ALE = 0, it provides data D0-D7, but when ALE = 1 it
has address A0-A7. Therefore, ALE is used for demultiplexing address and data
with the help of a 74LS373 latch. In the 8051 based systems where there is no
external memory connection, the pins of P0 must be connected externally to a
10K-ohm pull-up resistor. This is due to the fact that P0 is an open drain,
unlike P1, P2 and P3. Open drain is a term used for MOS chip in the same way
that open collector is used for TTL chips. In many systems using the 8751,
89C51, or DS89C4x0 chips, we normally connect P0 to pill-up resistors. With
external pull-up resistors connected to P0, it can be used as a simple I/O
port, just like P1 and P2. In contrast to port 0, ports P1, P2, and P3 do not
need any pull-up resistors since they already have pull-up resistors
internally. Upon reset, ports P1, P2 and P3 are configured as input ports.
P1
AND P2
In 8051-based systems with no
external memory connections, both P1 and P2 are used as simple I/O. However, in
8031/51-based systems with external memory connections, port 2 must be used
along with P0 to provide the 16-bit address for the external memory. Port 2 is
also designated as A8-A15, indicating its dual function. Since an 8031/51 is capable
of accessing 64K bytes of external memory, its need a path of the 16-bit
address. While P0 provides the lower 8 bit via A0-A7, it is a job of P2 to
provide bits A8-A15 of the 16-bit address, and it cannot be used for I/O.
PORT
3
Port 3 occupies a total of 8 pins,
pins 10 through 17. It can be used as input or output. P3 does not need any
pull-up resistors, the same as P1 and P2 did not. Although port 3 is configured
as an input port upon reset, this is not the way it is most commonly used. Port
3 has the additional function of providing some extremely important signals
such as interrupts.
P3.0 and P3.1 are used for the RxD
and TxD serial communication signals. Bits P3.2 and P3.3 are set aside for
external interrupts. Bits P3.4 and P3.5 are used for timers 0 and 1. Bits P3.6
and P3.7 are used to provide the WR and RD signal of external memory
connections. In system based on the 8051, pins 3.6 and 3.7 are used for I/O
while the rest of the pins in port 3 are normally used in the alternate
function role.
2)
LCD
: 20 x 4
(Figure
4.2 LCD 20*4)
|
SR. NO
|
PIN
|
FUNCTION
|
|
1.
|
VSS
|
GROUNDED
|
|
2.
|
VDD
|
+5V
|
|
3.
|
VEE
|
CONTRAST VARY, GROUNDED HERE
|
|
4.
|
RS
|
REGISTER SELECT,
|
|
5.
|
R/W
|
READ / WRITE
|
|
6.
|
EN
|
ENABLE
|
|
7.
|
D0-D7
|
DATA LINES
|
|
8.
|
||
|
9.
|
||
|
10.
|
||
|
11.
|
||
|
12.
|
||
|
13.
|
||
|
14.
|
||
|
15.
|
BL+
|
BACKLIGHT+
|
|
16.
|
BL-
|
BACKLIGHT-
|
(Table
4.1 PIN Function of LCD)
Vcc, Vss
and VEE:
Vcc:
grounded
Vss:
+5V supply
VEE:
used for controlling the contrast
RS, Register Select: There
are two very important registers inside LCD. The RS pin is used for the selection as follows.
RS
= 0: instruction command code register
is selected, allowing the user to send a command such as clear display, cursor
at home etc.
RS
= 1: data register is selected, allowing
the user to send the data to be displayed on LCD.
R/W, Read Write:
R/W
input allows the user to write information to the LCD or read from it.
R/W = 1: Reading
R/W = 0: Writing
E Enable
: the enable pin is used by the
LCD to latch information presented to its data pins. When data is supplied to
data pins, a high- to-low pulse must be applied to this pin in order for the
LCD to latch in the data presented data pins. This pulse must be minimum 450
nano sec wide.
D0-D7
: data pins
3)
MAX232
Microcontroller
uC pin 10 => RXD => MAX pin 9
uC pin11 => TXD => MAX pin 10
Features:
Operates
up to 120 kbits/s
Two
drivers and two receivers
±
30V input levels
Low
supply current…8 mA typical
APPLICATIONS
OF MAX232
TIA/EIA-232-F
Battery-Powered
Systems
Terminals
Modems
Computers
4)
CRYSTAL
: 11.0592MHz
·
X1 – pin 18
·
X2 – pin 19
(Figure
4.5 Circuit Diagram of Crystal)
It
is used to generate internal Clock Frequency. P89V51RD2 can work in a range of
0-40 MHz, but here we use 11.0592 MHz to match universal serial communication
speed of 9600 bauds.
CHAPTER 5
SOFTWARE
USED
FLASH
MAGIC
Flash
Magic
It is
used to load
& run the
programs on hardware.
For the
use of this
software, the hex file
of the programme is
necessary.
This facility uses to
change the baud rate, chip etc.
The snap shot is shown.
KEIL
MICRO VISION 4
keil
microvision - 4
This software
is used for
programming in C
language & assembly.
It facilitates to debug
& run programs.
Hex file of the program
can be made & save.
It warns about the errors.
PROTEUS
DESIGN SUIT
Proteus
Design Suit
This software is
basically used for simulation.
In case of absence of
hardware, we can use this simulator as our virtual circuit to check the output
of programming. It has all the available components, analog as well as digital,
plus mostly all the available microcontroller IC’s.
Chapter
6
Advantages
and
Application
1. Congestion reduction -- The toll transaction rate is highly
increased due to the use of ETC systems. Since the vehicles do not stop at the
toll facility, the throughput is highly increased. This has considerable effect
on the congestion of the toll plaza. As the proportion of the ETC user
increases the congestion in the manual as well as the automatic lanes is also
reduced. The average number of vehicles waiting in the queue reduces and so the
average waiting time is reduced.
2. Increased Capacity -- It is observed that the capacity of the
electronic lane increases by three fold. The toll plaza would be able to
accommodate the increasing traffic without requiring building additional lanes.
3. Fuel saving -- The deceleration, acceleration and idling is
completely eliminated. This results in gas saving for the patrons using ETC.
Besides the elimination of acceleration and deceleration results in reduction
of the operating cost of the vehicles.
4. Operating cost saving -- Over a period of time, the toll
collecting cost is reduced. There is reduction in the man-hour required as the
system does not require any human interaction for the toll transaction.
5. Time saving -- ETC users do not stop for paying toll, thus
there is considerable saving in the travel time. Besides the travel time
reliability is increased as the travel time can be estimated fairly accurately.
6. Emission control -- Due to the elimination of the
acceleration and idling, vehicular emissions are reduced. Though this benefit
only affects the surrounding area it is seen that there is an increase in the
highway financing by building toll plazas. In many non-attainment areas as
declared by Environment Protection Agency (EPA), ETC seems to be one of the
possibilities for air pollutant reduction.
7. Enhanced cash handing -- There is no cash transaction for the
ETC lane so cash handling is reduced so difficulties with cash handling is
eliminated. Thus aid in enhanced audit control by centralizing user accounts.
8. Payment flexibility -- The patrons do not have to worry about
searching for cash for the toll payment. Since the patrons set up account for
ETC usage it gives customers the flexibility of paying their toll bill with
cash, check, or even credit cards.
9. Enhanced data collection -- Information such as vehicle count
over the time of the day, date, time etc can be obtained due to the deployment
of this technology. This helps in making decisions regarding the pricing
strategies for the toll providers. It also helps planner to estimate the travel
time that aid in designing decisions.
10. Incident reduction --It is observed that there is reduction
in the number of incidents caused near the toll plazas
Chapter 7
References
Book
Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Janice Gillispie
Mazidi,Second Edition
Websides
http://www.datasheetcatalog.org/datasheet/texasinstruments/max232.pdf
http:/www.wikipedia.org/wiki/electronics_toll_collection
http:/www.etransit.org/rfid_1.htm
The
Electronic Toll Collection technology concept of prepaying tolls is catching on
nationally and globally. As we have described in report RFID BASED TOLL
COLLECTION SYSTEM is important that we have seen in advantages.
Till
date we have done project as shown in circuit. In 8th semester we
will implement EEPROM. It is the main part of project where vehicle numbers,
vehicle types and other detail stored. We will try our best for this project.
